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Hackensack was the exonym given by the Dutch colonists to a band of the Lenape, a Native American. The name is a Dutch derivation of the Lenape word for what is now the region of northeastern New Jersey along the Hudson and Hackensack rivers. While the Lenape people occupied much of the mid-Atlantic area, Europeans referred to small groups of native people by the names associated with the places where they lived. ==Territory and society== A phratry of the Lenape, the Hackensack spoke the Unami dialect, one of the three major parts of the Lenape languages, which were part of the Algonquian language family. ''Unami'' meant the "people down river",〔(Science Forum Index » Anthropology Forum » Coastal American Aboriginal People )〕 and they identified themselves with the totem of the turtle ("Turtle Clan").〔http://www.usgennet.org/usa/nj/state/Lenape.htm〕 Their territory has been variously spelled Ack-kinkas-hacky, Achkinhenhcky, Achinigeu-hach, Ackingsah-sack (among others) and translated as "place of stony ground"〔http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/indians.html〕 or "mouth of a river". It included the areas around the Upper New York Bay, Newark Bay, Bergen Neck, the Meadowlands, and the Palisades. Other bands of Unami speakers in the area included: the Raritan on Staten Island/Raritan Bay, the Acquackanonk on the Passaic River, and the Tappan along the Palisades and Pascack Valley.〔()〕 These groups, along with the Wappinger in the Hudson Valley, and Canarsee and Rockaway on Long Island, were sometimes collectively called the River Indians.〔Indian Tribes of Hudson's River; Ruttenber,E.M.; Hope Farm Press, 3rd ed, 2001, ISBN 0-910746-98-2〕 In the 17th century, the Hackensack numbered about one thousand,〔(On Overpeck County Park ) NY-NJ-CT Botany〕 of whom 300 were warriors.〔 Their ''sachem'' (or high chief) was Oratam 〔(Englewood History ), City of Englewood〕 (born circa 1576〔). He was likely also the sagamore of the Tappan, a distinct but intimately related Lenape group.〔 It has also been written that the Tappan and the Hackensack were one tribe. The proof of this is the many land deeds signed by men who were Sachems of both tribes at the same time.〔Indian Deeds 1630 to 1748; Budke, George H.; Library Associates of Rockland County, 1975, pg. 19〕 The Lenape practiced seasonal migration and agriculture. The Hackensack set up campsites and practiced companion planting to supplement foraging, hunting, fishing, trapping, and shellfishing. The terrain was quite diverse: wide tidal flats and oyster beds, forested mountains, and level land that could be cultivated. They relocated Ackensack, their semi-permanent village, every several years to allow the land to renew itself.〔(Our story begins with ... Native Americans ? BC - 1664 ), Bogota, New Jersey. Retrieved September 19, 2008.〕 It was sited mostly between Tantaqua and the middle reaches of the Hackensack River.〔 Their summer encampment and council fire was located at ''Gamoenpa,''〔 the "big landing-place from the other side of the river.".〔(), Archive〕 At Hopoghan Hackingh (meaning "land of the tobacco pipe"), they collected soapstone from which to carve tobacco pipes.〔(HM-hist "The Abridged History of Hoboken" ), Hoboken Museum, Accessed 24-Nov-2006〕 One of the major village sites may have been located along the east side of the Hackensack river in what is now the southwestern corner of the Township of Teaneck. By pure chance, the land is preserved as a local park called Terhune Park. The spot along the river is also referred to as "Kipp's Bend". Kipp's Bend is the most southerly site along the Hackensack River where, prior to urban development, there were uplands that reached directly to the riverbank. This makes it the most logical spot for an encampment for a river-centric Native American tribe that harvested oysters and other seafood in what is now the Meadowlands. Wetlands existed along both sides of the riverbank at all areas south. While planting a Pin Oak around the year 2000, Teaneck resident Dee Ann Ipp reports that she dug through "several feet of nothing but oyster shells". The spot where she planted the tree is in the portion of the park that sits as a raised mound about 150 feet across. This mound is strangely at odds with the local toography. In most recent historic times, the mound was the site of a Dutch sandstone home built during colonial times. Evidently Terhune Park was not the site of Native American occupation at the time of European contact, as there are no historical sources pinpointing occupation at this exact site. Eric Martindale has speculated that the mound is largely oyster shells and other debris from Native American occupation that may have occurred at this site either sporadically for thousands of years. If this is true, Terhune Park could be one of the most significant Native American archeological sites on the eastern seaboard. Further investigation and archeological study is warranted. The society of the Hackensack (and all Lenape) was based on governance by consensus. A sagamore, though very influential, was obliged to follow decisions of the council, leaders among the men. Those with the totem of the turtle were held in great esteem by Lenape groups, particularly as peacemakers. The word ''caucus'' may come from the Algonquian ''caucauasu'' meaning "counselor".〔No wholly satisfactory etymology has been documented. James Hammond Trumbull suggested to the American Philological Association that the word comes from the Algonquian word for "counsel", 'cau´-cau-as´u'. Other sources claim that it derived from medieval Latin caucus, meaning "drinking vessel," such as might have been used for the flip drunk at Caucus Club of colonial Boston.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hackensack tribe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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